Regarding the Magnetic Moments of Protons and Neutrons

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Warning: this is not the conventional explanation. In 1961 Ernest Sternglass published in the Physical Review Journal a paper in which he showed the possibility that an electron and a positron can
rotate [i.e., orbit] in a very tight orbit [radius approximately 0.7E-15 meter], each moving at almost the speed of light. Surprisingly, some Ph.D holders have a problem with this idea, as it's not
a part of the currently-accepted "standard model of particle physics." One objection is that such a tiny positronium-like system cannot possibly be stable, because the electron and positron would
surely annihilate each other.

Despite these nay-sayers, the writer of this essay presents here another possible way in which an electron and a positron might form a semi-stable system without annihilating each other. Plus, the
writer suggests that this semi-stable system might be at the heart of the neutron, thus explaining its structure with no reference to "quarks" ----- which nobody has ever observed in a physics lab.

Regarding the Magnetic Moments of Protons and Neutrons

Mark Creek-water Doraziomark.creekwater@gmail.com

SUMMARY [i.e., "abstract"]

Warning: this is not the conventional explanation.

In 1961 Ernest Sternglass published in the Physical Review Journal a paper in which he showed the possibility that an electron and a positron can rotate [i.e., orbit] in a very tight orbit [radius approximately 0.7E-15 meter], each moving at almost the speed of light. Surprisingly, some PhD holders have a problem with this idea, as it's not a part of the currently-accepted "standard model of particle physics." One objection is that such a tiny positronium-like system cannot possibly be stable, because the electron and positron would surely annihilate each other.

Despite these nay-sayers, the writer of this essay presents here another possible way in which an electron and a positron might form a semi-stable system without annihilating each other. Plus, the writer suggests that this semi-stable system might be at the heart of the neutron, thus explaining its structure with no reference to "quarks" ----- which nobody has ever observed in a physics lab.

Key words: electron, electron-positron pair, magnetic moment, neutron, positron, proton, Sternglass.

Part 1: THE PROTON

Sternglass describes the proton as consisting of four [4] electron-positron pairs, with an unpaired positron at their center [Ref.#1]. {Please note that nobody has ever observed any "quarks" in a physics lab [Ref.#2]}. The unpaired positron at the center accounts for the proton's positive electric charge, given that the charges in each of the pairs cancel each other.

In Ref.#3 Sternglass describes one of these four ep-pairs in detail, as an electron and a positron which rotate [i.e., orbit] around each other in a very tight orbit [radius approximately 0.7E-13 cm, i.e., 0.7E-15 meter], each moving at almost the speed of light.

A spinning charged object generates a magnet field with an accompanying magnetic moment, which researchers can measure and study.

The magnetic moment of a spinning charged object is given as:

mag.mom. = I x A---(Equation 1),

where "I" is electric current and "A" is the area around which the current flows. According to the standard textbook explanation, one visualizes the electric charge as a point on the surface of a sphere, which traces a circle whose area is "A" as the sphere rotates. The area is given by:

A = (pi).R.R -----where "R" is the radius of the circle.

One visualizes the moving electric charge as if it were an electric current, whose magnitude is given by I = Q/T, where "I" is current, "Q" is charge, and "T" is the amount of time needed to complete one rotation. Simple geometry gives T = 2.(pi).R/v, where "v" is velocity. Assuming that the charge moves at the fastest rate possible, (i.e., assuming that v = c, the speed of light), one obtains:

I = Q.c / 2.(pi).R.

Combining this and the expression for area with equation 1, given above, one obtains:

mag.mom. = Q.c.R / 2 ---(Equation 2).

Given that the known magnetic moment of the proton is 1.4106E-26 joule/tesla and that its electric charge is 1.602E-19 coulomb, and that the speed of light is 3E8 meters/second, one can solve equation 2 for R to obtain

R = 0.587E-15 meter = 0.587E-13 cm = 0.587 fm.

This is the radius of the positive electric-charge distribution at the center of the proton. I.e., it's the charge-radius of the positron at the center of a proton.

Part 2: THE NEUTRON

Following Sternglass, one can visualize the neutron as a proton with an extra electron in it, which forms a semi-stable association with the positron at the center, by spinning [not orbiting] with it, as a single unit, whose center point is also the center point of the neutron. In other words, building on Sternglass's model, the writer visualizes this electron as being superimposed on top of the positron, and the two charges spinning together in the same direction as a unit.

Why they do not annihilate each other ?? Because of the magnetic repulsion between them, which is due to the opposing magnetic fields associated with each of the tiny objects.

Because they spin in the same direction, they generate two magnetic moments which point in opposite directions,so they do not annihilate each other.

Note that, because the known magnetic moment of the neutron has a negative sign in front of it (because it points in a direction opposite to that of the proton), this means that the radius of the spinning electron must be greater than that of the spinning positron, given that the two charges, one positive and one negative, are of equal strength. Plus, because they spin together, as a single unit, with the same frequency, one sees that the outer edge of the positive charge must move at a speed which is significantly less than that of the outer edge of the negative charge, given that the radius is shorter, as explained above.

Using these two ideas, one can create an equation which sums the two contributions to give the known magnetic moment of the neutron:

-0.9662E-26 joule/tesla = [(-Q).[c].(Re) / 2] + (+Q).[c.(Rp/Re)].Rp / 2 ---(Equation 3),

where -0.9662E-26 joule/tesla is the known mag.mom. of the neutron, "Re" is the radius of the electron's charge distribution, and "Rp" the radius of the positron's charge distribution.

Note that, in the right-most term above, one multiplies c by the factor (Rp/Re) to account for the fact that the speed of the outer edge of the positron is significantly less than c.In other words, the fact that the outer edge of the electron can move no faster than c limits the speed at which the outer edge of the positron can move to a magnitude which is less than c.

Using numeric values:Q = +/- 1.602E-19 coulomb andRp = 0.587E-15 meter,

one can solve equation 3 for Re to obtain

Re = 0.821E-15 meter, which is the charge-radius of the electron.

CONCLUSION

One can visualize the neutron's center as consisting of a rapidly spinning [not orbiting], relativistic, electron and positron, superpositioned on top of each other but prevented by magnetic repulsion from annihilating each other, rotating together as a unit, with the outer edge of the electric charge moving at almost the speed of light. Using only easy maths, (high-school algebra and geometry) and the known magnetic moments of the proton and the neutron, one can calculate the approximate radius of the positron and that of the electron. The numeric values so calculated agree reasonably well with the known distribution of electric charges, both positive and negative, inside the neutron [Ref.#4 (scroll down to the schematic diagram)].

REFERENCES

(1) Sternglass, Ernest, book: Before the Big Bang (1997, 2001);

(2) Kragh, Helge, book: Quantum Generations (1999), pages 322-324;

(3) Sternglass, Ernest, "Relativistic Electron-pair Systems and the Structure of Neutral Mesons, Phys.Rev. 123, (1 July 1961);

(4) Watkins, Thayer (San Jose State University), "Explanation of Why Neutrons in a Nucleus are Stable but Free Neutrons are not Stable" http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/neutronnucleus.htm {scroll down to the schematic diagram}.

Submitted: August 23, 2017

Non-Fiction electron neutron magnetic-moment positron sternglass